Measures of Personality Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Measures of Personality Research - analyze ExampleAppreciating the fact that human behavior falls into certain temperament types and groups makes us less judgmental when observing some ones behaviour (Renee 1998). We see behavior thats quite in contrast to our own actually follows a pattern exhibited by many people of that type. Understanding these differences enables us to communicate in more economical ways when we know anothers constitution type. Two important personality indicators in widespread use argon the Meyer-Briggs Type Index and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.The Meyers-Briggs Type Index or MBTI is a personality visitation indicating an individuals personality preferences or type of personality he or she is, for example whether the person is largely outgoing or introverted, whether thought or intuition dominates the mental processes. The results of this test offers indications as to which work situations an employee might be best suited, and if they are in conflict or in harmony.The MBTI was developed by Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers in the 1920s and published in 1975 having undergone stringent testing for validity and reliability. The method is based on Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, who talked of personality types in his book Psychological Types (Quenk 1999) Although the MBTI has been around since 1956, it wasnt until 1975 that it became available to all qualified professionals who could administer the test and since so over 30 million people fox taken part in it. It is now one of the most widely used personality test tools with an annual use of about 2 million people (Quenk 1999). The MBTI gives individuals a greater understanding of themselves. The different indicators of personality show that people communicate and descend upon things differently. The various personality type preferences can sway experiences, learning, life choices and the things that motivate people. It is a framework for gaining ins ights into the personality of others and also our own. Since the tool of use is a self-report questionnaire, it is not actually a test since there are no right or wrong answers, but acts as an indicator looking at recipe behavior. Rather than identifying skills, abilities, competencies, the indicator scrutinizes preferences. The indicator does not favor some personality traits over others and each is considered to have its own merits. The MBTI is a useful tool to build teams in a workplace, act as a career guidance for students or job seekers and provide a gauge for leadership qualities. The MBTI consists of 4 scales of polar preferences or dichotomies (Quenk 1999). 1) The manner in which we channel personal energy can be either by dint of Extraversion or Introversion. E or I. Extroverts channel their energies outwards. They show a keen interest in the people and things and receive energy from communicating and interacting with others. Introverts channel their energies inwardly a nd show greater interests in thoughts and musing ideas. 2) The manner in which we absorb external information can be through Sensing or iNtution. S or N. Individuals who show tendencies towards sensing, favor absorbing information from the five senses of sight, sound, smell, touch and taste. They

Importance of Advertising for Firms in Monopolistic Competition Essay

Importance of advertizing for Firms in Monopolistic Competition - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that advert is an important feature of squares that care secernate products. Firms found in a monopolistic competition, oligopoly and at times withal monopoly market body structure practice publicise. Monopolistic competition is a market structure with a large number of firms do a similar product. However, each firms product is differentiated from its competitors and hence is unique. An exemplification of much(prenominal) a market structure is fast-food restaurants. Although these fast-food restaurants such as Hardees, McDonalds, Burger King, Subway, Wendys and KFC provide the same product, that is, fast-food, however, each of their products has roughly differentiation which makes it unique from their competitors. An oligopoly is a market dominated by a few large firms. An example of an oligopoly market structure is of cigarettes. Just like monopolistic competition firms in an oligopoly similarly have differentiated products. Due to this product differentiation, these firms are able to attract customers. Advertising is then done to create shuffling loyalty. Brand loyalty is the faithfulness of customers to a particular stake expressed through repeated purchases from that brand without coming into the market pressure generated by its competitors. As a result, firms spend heavily on their advertising campaign so that customers stick to their brand and are not won over by their competitors brands. Although advertising is necessary to create brand loyalty much also depends on the nature of the product and the press stud of demand for the product.... However, firms are profit maximizing. Firms publicise because they want to increase the demand for their product and hence their scratch. When firms advertise just to increase the demand for its own product then it might hurt the rivals. A firm may use advertising to differentiate its product from its co mpetitors. For example in the case of the fast-food restaurant sedulousness Hardees may advertise a different type of burger which is not produced by the other competitors. much(prenominal) advertising would help Hardees to attract customers not only outside the fast-food market but also existing customers of its competitors. This example clearly shows that if Hardees is able to advertise its new burger successfully then it go away be able to increase the demand for its product leading to higher revenues that allow for result in a greater profit. Advertising is also done to create barriers to entry so that more firms cannot cypher the market and find it hard to compete. For example an existing firm like coca dumbbell will advertise to increase its customer base in the soft drink market. Through its advertising campaigns Coca Cola will be able to create brand loyalty. If a new firm wants to levy the soft drink market it would find it very hard to attract customers because fir ms like Coca Cola have already captured the market and created brand loyalty amongst their customers. Advertising also helps to make the demand for a product relatively inelastic. Once the demand is inelastic the customers buy the firms product even when the price of the product rises. A benefit of this inelasticity to the firm is that even if the business is not doing well and profits are low the firm can still generate greater profits by charging its customers a

The Vals Survey from strategic business insights Assignment

The Vals Survey from strategic descent insights - Assignment ExampleI combine this with finding challenges within my own life, such as scholarship new things or experiencing something new. For the achiever, it is one that is a goal oriented lifestyle with a dedication to travel and family. Structure and staying with the status quo are things which I can also relate to. I also bespeak this in my personality with always creating goals. Even with my school fashion, I have a strong commitment to completing the degree and building a successful career in return. When feel at early(a) roles, such as believers, thinkers and strivers, I find that I cant relate to the activities or ideals and without delay reject these types of personalities. The product that I buy which fits into the innovator category is the newest technology. I am always looking at what the latest concepts are and subscribe to tech news online to browse through products, even if it is a digital alarm system for ice fishing. My most recent purchase is the Sony Ericcson XPERIA, which is like a toy dog computer combined with a phone. Im using this to replace my Blackberry and to see if there are extra components that work better. Im interested in seeing how this will work together with the technology which is used while seeing if there is any new applications that work more(prenominal) efficiently for those interested in high end communication.

Staistics for Managers Final Project Term Paper

Staistics for Managers Final Project - Term Paper exampleMarketing is one of the most important functions within the organizations and as a result, the data collected on the marketplaceing tool needfully to be inclusive and properly structured in order to recognize from the marketing policies and mechanisms employed.Statistical data on marketing is essential for a corporation and should be well-tabulated to date that the data is used in the marketing research applications that the data is meant to improve. The company may conduct a survey on advertising and other marketing tools such as product promotion and touchstone the level of sales that has been influenced by the marketing tools (Balakrishnan, 2010). The company needs to conduct customer surveys and come up with the best structure and techniques in marketing that are not only attractive to the customers in the market but also offer a competitive advantage over the competitors (Balakrishnan, 2010). The methods employed by the company need to be assessed statistically to placard if they are working within the company and also measure if they have worked in other companies through their records. The analysis persona is particularly simpler since the statistical data ensures that the education is properly structured and therefore easy to analyze.In marketing data forms a critical part of research where it provides the entropy crucial in determining the research area. Acquiring the right data needs the research to identify the data collection method critical in the research and that provides sufficient information regarding the subject under the study (Mazzocchi, 2008). Before discussing the data sources available, it is important that one understands that there are cardinal types of data that is critical to the research. These are primary and secondary data. These two types of data are crucial in the research work and should be utilized for the perfection of the results. In addition, the two types of data helps in validation of the existing theory from the primary data

Debt crisis in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Debt crisis in Africa - Essay ExampleDuring the The First AU Conference of African Ministers of Economy and Finance (CAMEF) held on 7 May 2005 in Dakar, Senegal, one of the recommended issues was the Debt Cancellation. The ministers hold that debt cancellations should be the ultimate goal for Africa. However, according to the author of the Conference report, they also require that Africa should link the debt cancellation with the millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and the access of African products to foreign markets. Other recommendations during this Conference concerning debt cancellation were Africas domestic debt debt cancellation should not issuance in reducing Official Development Assistance (ODA) to Africa establishment of an African Debt Management Fund to promote all debt or cancellation mechanisms and initiatives, which is yet to be established African countries should come together and propose a common position on debt cancellation African Countries should carry out an audit indicating the amount of debt, its origins and terms African countries are responsible to ensure that Africas debt remains indivisible so that any initiative associated with African debt should benefit all African countries and African leaders should avoid being subjected to conditionalities related to debt cancellation. However, the conclusion of the recommendations was that it has to be approved by the World Bank and the IMF. Never once the World Bank or the IMF prescriptions of stinting policies reform was successful but vice versa. Countries affected by economic crisis are required to undergo structural arrangement and conditional arrangements by the World Bank and the Fund, but their prescriptions have proven tribulation not only in Africa but also in other developing countries. According to Dembell, their structural adjustment program has led to economic stagnation, fewer investments, more external dependence, and has weakened the states role in developing social a nd economic welfare.

Lean in Nissan UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Lean in Nissan UK - identification ExampleThe organizational hierarchy determines the shape of the organization that is, how many employees and positions there atomic number 18 after the chief executive officer or MD. The degree of centralization is concerned with how power is distri simplyed. Formalization, on the other hand, deals with the organization of work in the organization. It could be either explicit or rigid. Finally, complexity is concerned with the subunits in the organization and their differences (Wernham, 2012, p56)An operations conductor for the Nissan should considers four main variables in managing operations namely volume, variation, variety and variability. All are unique in their own respective ways and could make or break a company (Cooke, 2010, p22). There are, however, tercet main operations of a affair such as the Nissan Motor assembling companies. They are materials, customers and discipline. Materials quote to everything tangible to the business and which is used as an input in the business. Customers refer to the current and potential consumers of business products. Information is any information that contributes positively or negatively to the success or failure of the business. (Highsmith, 2002, 55)Materials, customers and information are different from each other in some respect. Materials are powerless until they are handled but behave in different ways based on their chemical and physical natures. Customers are pile who are mobile and can move from one place to another. Information is the communication of data in ways often not visible to the human eye. Information and customers are similar in the thought that both of them can move from one point to another. Information is, however, intangible while customers are tangible. Materials are also tangible (Goodpasture,2010, p34)In managing any projects, the company must, therefore, consider the above factors as they all

A business conferences in North Wales Assignment

A business conferences in North Wales - Assignment utilisationThis research will begin with the dogged experimental condition and miserable term goals of Business Conference PLC. The short term goal of Business Conference PLC under the current situation can be to productively conduct the upcoming business conference. This short term goal can be achieved by the family by taking into account the overall cost and benefit analysis of the conference. If the benefits actualizeed from the conference atomic number 18 higher than the cost incurred in conducting this conference, it leads towards the achievement of short-term goal. There are different points in epoch where the fraternity can foresee whether the conference can be successful or not. For instance, at the cadence of initial planning the company can make best judgments whether the estimates are good enough for the successful organization of the conference. At the time of booking, the company can realize the success o f the conference by considering the saki of the delegates. Under economic terms, the most relevant cost for short term decision making is the variable quantity cost. There might be different long term goals of the company including the expansion of the business in different geographical boundaries, growth in r chargeues etc. These goals can be achieve by conducting long term strategic planning regarding the achievability of those goals. Every cost matters a lot when long term time horizon is kept into consideration. Therefore, the company needs to evaluate it financial, human and technological resources in the long term as part of its strategic planning.... Viability of the Conference If the overall cost and revenue analysis of this particular proposition conference is taken into consideration, it can be seen that Business Conference PLC will reap too a great deal benefits from conducting this particular conference. The overall cost estimates of the company relating to this pa rticular project are quite low and the refractory price to be charged from the delegates is quite high. Under the existing situation, if the company expects around 200 delegates to go through the conference at ?750 per delegate fees, the company can successfully generate total revenue of ?150,000. However, if the costs are analyzed, it can be observed that variable cost pertaining to 200 delegates is just ?108, thus earning a huge contribution of around ?642 which is more than enough to cover the fixed costs of the company which are around ?20,970. Hence at the existing level of operations, this particular conference is highly viable for the company to conduct and the company can reap a benefit of around ?107,430. If the viability of the conference is considered with respect to another(prenominal) determinants in respect of breakeven level, profitability if the delegates are trim down or the price per delegate is reduced, the company is dummy up in a good position to conduct th is conference such that the company would be in no profit no loss situation if only 33 delegates attend the conference. If the number of delegates is reduced by 50% i.e. only 100 delegates attend this conference, even then the company can earn ?43,230. On the other hand, if the price per delegate is reduced by 50% and kept at ?375 per delegate, even then the company is in a

Unit 2 individual project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 2 individual project - Essay ExampleIntellectual league can apply these methods to understand the contribution of their human resources in sexual relation to the productivity of the organization (Alexander, 2008). App arntly, organizations ar often made up of workforce of different ages and sex or gender. Therefore, the American Intellectual confederation can use the quantitative method and analysis to determine the contribution of its workforce including job satisfaction, gender, or age to analyze the success or production of the firm.In this particular study, it is apparent that the variables involved in the study are the gender of the workforce, age bracket of the workforce, and productivity of the go with (Alexander, 2008). Before determining the productivity per gender or age, it is vital to determine the dispersion by gender in the organization. Determination of distribution by gender is the quantitative aspect of the study that tries to determine the composition of gender that in subroutine determines production per department or unit (Alexander, Vol. IV, 2008). Cases where the distribution is fairly the same, the distribution willing be considered point in that, there will be nearly the same number of women as men inside the targeted area of study.The study has also opted to determine tenure with the company distributing by gender. This aspect of the survey aims at seeking the ratio of women to men per companys production unit. In other words, in this concern, the company is seeking that, for instance, if it moves to a department, what will be most probable ratio of men to women in relation per departments. The outcome of the survey under this variable will be useful to determine the production per unit in relation to the gender distribution in such units (Alexander, 2008). In other words, the management will determine which ratios of men to women or women to men are productive therefore, it may opt to work with ratios that are relativel y productive by redistributing worker to form gender ratios

RayOVac Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

RayOVac - Case Study ExampleHowever this symmetry declines astutely in the category 2001 and sluice further to the least record debt-to-equity ratio of 2.05 in the division 2002. This is the year where the business has the highest stability of wholly the five years. The business increases its debt sharply in 2003 recording the highest debt-to-equity ratio of 6.65. This is the year when the business is least stable. Reduced debt-to-equity ratio boosts the business a weeny in 2004.The gearing ratio starts relatively high at 0.86 in the year 2000. The ratio falls to 0.72 in the year 2001 and even further to 0.67 in 2002, coming out as the least recorded gearing ratio of all the five years. This is the year where the business is most stable. The ratio increases sharply in 2003 to record at 0.87, the highest recorded ratio of all the three years. This is the year when the business is least stable (more vulnerable). The ratio declines a little bit in 2004 to record at 0.81 as the bu siness stabilizes a bit.In the year 2005, Rayovac acquired Tetra Holdings of Germany at a cost of $555 million where $50 million was financed through long term debt. The question we may want to deal with at the moment is whether the debt was justified. Performance-wise Tetra Holdings showed some good results with annual sales of $223 million as of the end of 2004. The annual sales were an improvement from the $179 million sales made in 2001, showing that the come with growing and its territories expanding and thus justifying the acquisition by Rayovac. Calculation of the Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) may also be used to justify the acquisition as below.The positive ROCE implies that the company will be able to generate returns from its capital base and hence the acquisition is justifiable. A negative ROCE would raise an disquietude as this would be an implication that the company is generating losses from its capital base.Following the multiple acquisitions, the company

Assingment 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assingment 4 - Assignment ExampleThis paper will hence focus on how the melt d ingestership skills will lead to technical competence by a draw. The paper will also show an evaluation of the skills against my own skills and how I will acquire and/ or strengthen my skill of leadership as I mount up in my future leadership. In order to be an effective leader, one needs to possess conglomerate leadership skills. In addition, a group leader needs to exhibit distinct leadership traits, behavior, styles and qualities. As a leader one needs to be able to provide awareness of unity to every(prenominal) members of the team. The members will also have the ability to develop interpersonal relationship where every member gets a chance to learn from each other and contribute to work. In order to enhance togetherness towards achieving our common goal, a leader must portray leadership qualities and skills. The leadership skills intromit listening ability, prize credit to the team members, honesty, effective communication, ability to stick to strategies and goals, ability to beat anxiety and shape character, service oriented, accountable and responsible, empathy, and guardianship cool. In using these leadership skills a team leader needs to adopt various leadership styles to ensure the team achieves their goals effectively and efficiently. A combination of different styles of leadership works well in any environment especially where the public is involved. Some of the leadership styles used in showing the mentioned skills accommodate authoritarian style of leadership, a leader in this case remains strict and offer next regulation and control, policies and procedures given to the team members. In order to attain achievement, close supervision is necessary a leadership style of democracy is another one, here a leader involves team members in end making through with(predicate) enhancing team members interest and practicing social equity and equality. This style wil l also include debate, discussion and sharing of encouragement and ideas of the team so as the team can feel costly about their involvement in the team. Transactional leadership style will allow for motivation of the team members through a reward system. These leadership styles will be combined with the leadership skills in order to contract about the technical competence of the leader and the success of the team. Leadership skills such as listening ability, awarding credit to the team members, honesty, effective communication, and ability to stick to strategies and goals are very important for a leader who is looking forward to technical competence. For instance, listening ability skill the leader will often give in much attention to their teams. The team members may be holding grievances among them that may impact on the success of the tasks assigned. When a leader listens to his or her team members, he or she gives them a chance and opportunity for innovations and unremitting improvement. Such leaders encourage learning from each other through sharing experiences of gains and losses as well. Team members become close and open to their leader when the leader shows willingness to listen and handle their concerns and issues affecting their tasks. and so its vital for a leader to have the skill to listen to their followers. Another effective leadership skill for effective

Continuning Academic Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Continuning Academic success - Essay ExampleAccording to Karabenick & Newman (2006) goal setting for savants is one of the ways that students can use to pass judgment and assess their progress. Achieving and attaining set goals enables the student see the difference in progress.Whenever students analyze their own school assessments, row participation, and so on, they often become more interested in the analysis because it is relevant to them. While reflecting on the data, students have an opportunity to set goals for themselves. Once a student has set goals and objectives in their school work, they course become accountable to their actions to make sure that whatever they do is in line with their goals. This helps a student develop a sense of accountability not just in their school work besides generally in life.Goals and objectives of a student are primarily base on their academic endeavors and therefore setting of the goals is one of the ways that as student will be able to improve their performance. The reward of setting goals in academics is that a student is able to set a higher standard for their performance. This then helps them improve their performance in different fields of academics. According to Boekaerts (2010) student performance is primarily based on self evaluation and setting of goals that are aimed at improving the grades.With goals and objectives that are practical and achievable, a student is able to enhance cartel in them as well as pride in achieving better grades and succeeding in academics. This is particularly effective when a student achieves one of the goals. The acquire confidence to achieve more and work harder towards higher goals. In addition, the student is able to develop pride in their performance. This is because they have worked hard for that particular performance.Goals and objectives are very essentials for students as it helps them set a clear passageway for their future career. Most of the times, majority of th e students find

Finance Markets and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

pay Markets and Risk - Essay ExampleThe intention of this study is musical arrangementic happen that is ushered by unforeseen incidents that hit the ceiling uncertainty unimaginably and damage the liquidity of the market at a rapid phase. Illiquidity results in prices gaps in respective markets and in the pricing of a particular asset. The related pressure later extends to the liquidity of financial support of financial institutions around the world that are assisting those independent markets. Illiquidity in markets sequentially can result in potentially momentous real economic impacts, thus warrant policy action, particularly by rally banks. As per IMF (International Monetary Fund), BIS (Bank for International Settlements) and FSB (Financial Standard Board), strategyic financial put on the line is one, which is associated with the peril of risk of disruption to financial services that (a) is happened by a destruction of whole or parts of the financial system and has the p robable to have the worst negative outcome for real economy. During September 2008, AIG borrowed from the Federal concur System an $85 billion two-year loan that too at a penalty rate, which has been termed as ever known the save of one of the globes major insurers. In return for the rescue operation, Fed received a 79.9% of shares in the AIG. At the time, the investment banking arm of AIG witnessed a systemic risk emanating from its quote default swap (CDS) business. The failure of one firm whitethorn not impact its rivals as is happening in the most sectors of the economy nor does it result in market failures. However, in the financial sector, thither is an impending peril that the breakdown of any major financial market or institution may result in the adverse impacts on the whole financial system more likely. In several(prenominal) associated channels, such systemic risk can be in operation, if there is a mishap in a specific financial institution. All the depositors of a ban k will be in threat and will rush to get back their deposits when the depositors lose their trust, if a typical bank run occurs. The banking system of a nation as a whole may be in jeopardy if rumour spreads about the fate of the remaining banks of a nation. The bank runs vulnerability can be a universe typically as there will be a maturity mismatch between their assets and liabilities. The banking system might have invested in long-term debts like loans to households and businesses, whereas they might have accepted deposits from their customer on the demand basis. Even a healthy bank may have chance to witness a bank run despite the fact that its assets would have more value than its liabilities, but a credit crunch may occur if there is premature withdrawal of deposits suddenly by bank customers. Thus, pull down a solvent bank can witness a liquidity crunch, despite the fact that the liquidity issues may mirror concerns about banks solvency. However, there are some risk-aversio n strategies, which are in place like lender-of-last-resort facilities and deposit insurance, which make the possibility of bank run as a mirage. short-term deposits are available from one bank to another bank through interbank transactions, and this occupies sizeable quantum of their business transactions. However, at times of liquidity crunch, associations between banks may witness jolts to proliferate through the system. For instance, Barclays bank has provided short-term credit to ANZ bank, then, concerns of default by ANZ bank might jeopardise to the stability of Barclays bank. Such similitude vulnerabilities are regarded to be one of the main causes why the alarm can spread between banks in such scenarios. In such situations, inter-banking lending will come to a halt due to

GROUP PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GROUP PROJECT - Essay ExampleThus, this wallpaper aims at looking how a particular investigate in the field of business is conducted. As such, the process or processes will be highlighted and compared to Sekarans research roadmap.There have been several suggestions on how research should be conducted depending on its nature, purpose, relevance, and contribution to the existing body of knowledge. In social sciences, especially in all palm related to business management and administration, many trends have surfaced out in the pursuit of delivering the best sidetrack both quantitatively and qualitatively so as to achieve certain goals necessary to the overall triumph of companies. Using the Sekaran research process, our group analyzed how Dennis Tourish and Paul Robson went about their research entitled Sensemaking and the Distortion of sarcastic Upward Communication in Organizations published by the Journal of Management Studies in its June 2006 issue.Dwelling on the importance o f Critical Upward Communication or CUC as its point of inquiry, the researchers began by making sealed that the readers can have a gist and eventually a full grasp of the whole paper by defining certain terminologies critical to the overall understanding and appreciation of the research. The research topic was and so carefully introduced through the aid of exemplifications and illustrations which can be subsumed under general observation, the very first ill-treat in the process outlined by Sekaran.It was not difficult to identify the focal point of the research because it was overtly stated in its introduction coupled with clues that lead to the papers hypothesis. This is a pass on deviation, at least in the manner or chronology of presentation, from the one outlined by Sekana. Steps 1, 2, and 3 were all jumbled up in the introduction. However, the paper can still be thoroughly still as it presented its points and concerns in a deductive way. The literature review came right af ter the problem was

Legal Rights of Students with Disabilities Essay - 1

Legal Rights of Students with Disabilities - shew Example vagary has widely been regarded as essential commandmental stitch that not only provides judicial protections to the students with disabilities but also talks about the rights of their parents to anticipate study for their children across United States. From time to time, around amendments were also implemented to the act. At present, it works along with the No Child Left behind suffice to assure that all the children in United States will get access to spare appropriate education (U.S. Department of Education, 2006). Six Basic Components of Original IDEA 1975 The original IDEA comprised of six basic and find out dowrys that are essential to be understood for understanding the soul of the act. The first component of IDEA is foreswear appropriate public education that assures that all the children with disabilities eligible for special education, will also be authorise to a free appropriate public education (FAPE). This principle also clarify that regardless of the callosity of disability all the children requiring special education would be identifies, located and evaluated (IDEA, 1975). ... The third component of IDEA is mortal education program (IEP) that works to assure the provision of appropriate and individualized services to the students with disabilities on the hindquarters of the current evaluation information. The forth component is Least Restricted Environment where IDEA guarantees that the children with disabilities could be provided with free appropriate public education in least restricted environment and disabled children would be considered to be placed in the general education classrooms. The fifth component is parent and student participation in decision making. This principle is meant to reinforce the belief that disabled children could be provided with appropriate education more in effect if the parents actively participate in the process. The parents and the students a re required to play active role in individually and every step of education. The parents and students are invited to every IEP meeting to encourage their participation in the process. The sixth component of IDEA is procedure and safeguard that defends the rights of the students and their parents involved in the program. It clarifies that the parents have the right to view the records of their children and they could also seek independent opinion about their child. The student is also assured of his rights even if his parents or guardians are not known. Without the completion of the evaluation process, the schools are strictly prohibited to make any changes in the instructions and education program for the children at their own so that the students could stay in unchanged environment during the evaluation period. IDEA Reauthorizations IDEA has gone through phases of changes with the intention of

Detroit Museum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Detroit Museum - Research Paper ExampleThe longest day to visit the Museum is Friday when it remains open to visitors for safe twelve hrs starting from 10am. I too visited it on Friday. DIAs collection is among the largest art collections. The collection of DIA contains more than than 60000 artworks from all over the world. The collection includes all sorts of works including cutting edge and classic work which ameliorate the perceptions of the visitors. In order to provide the visitors with an opportunity to spend quite some time in the DIA and remove a lot from the museum, DIA has built partnership with many hotels in the locality. The Museum Shop at DIA is full of howling(prenominal) accessories and gadgets. This is a place where visitors can find some of the extremely unique and fabulous accessories that are lumbering to find elsewhere. One of my most favorite pots that I purchased for $50 from the DIA Museum Shop is the Celadon Daisy Ginger Jar shown to a lower place Cela don Daisy Ginger Jar at DIA Museum Shop (Detroit Institute of Arts). One of the popular exhibitions of the Detroit Museum is the zoo in which prints of animals are displayed which commenced on 23rd March this year. In the DIA collection, there are above 150 prints in total which comprise prints of peacocks, dolphins, and lizards.

International finanicial manager (slp 5 bus) Essay

Inter acresal finanicial manager (slp 5 bus) - Essay Exampletransnational corporation acquire, fancy up and manage those assets is of critical importance, not only to the success of those corporations, but withal to the development and industrial restructuring of nation states. The task of international financial manager is to make the best possible tactical decision that the grocery has to offer on liabilities, within the strategic funding constraints set by currency denomination, maturity, and capital social systemAlmost every firm, government agency, and other type of governing bodys have one or more financial managers. Financial managers oversee the homework of financial reports, direct investment activities, and implement cash management strategies. Managers also develop strategies and implement the long-term goals of their organization.The role of the financial manager, particularly in business, is changing in receipt to technological advances that have significantly red uced the amount of time it takes to produce financial reports. Financial managers at present perform more data analysis and use it to offer senior managers ideas on how to maximize profits. They often work on teams, acting as business advisors to top management. Financial managers need to keep abreast(predicate) of the latest computer technology to increase the efficiency of their firms financial operations.Controllers direct the preparation of financial reports, such as income statements, balance sheets, and analyses of future earnings or expenses. Controllers also are in charge of preparing special reports required by regulatory authorities. Often, controllers oversee the accounting, audit, and budget departments.Treasurers and finance officers direct the organizations budgets to meet its financial goals. They oversee the investment of funds, manage associated risks, supervise cash management activities, pass capital-raising strategies to support a firms expansion, and deal wit h mergers and acquisitions.Cash managers monitor and control the flow of

Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide for Unit 2 Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and Physiology Study flow for Unit 2 Essay1) What argon the parts of an atom? Where are the subatomic particles found? Protons, neutrons, and electrons. In the nucleus and on the orbitals and sub-orbitals of the atom.2) How does the Atomic Mass differ from the Atomic ?Atomic mass is the sum of entirely protons and neutrons in the atoms nucleus. The atomic is equal to the number of protons in an atom. 3) What is an isotope? Give an model (show how it is an isotope). An isotope is a radioactive form of an element or a form of an element with the analogous atomic and the same amount of protons but a different atomic mass and a different amount of neutrons. An physical exercise would be deuterium. Its atomic number is 1 and it has 1 neutron. Its atomic mass number is 2 and it is an isotope of hydrogen. 4) equation and contrast the 3 basic types of chemical bonds and give an example of each. Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen. Ionic bonds form between atoms with pivotal electrical charges. An example of an ionic bond is sodium chloride. Covalent bonds occur when atoms share forming molecules.Carbon dioxide is an example of a covalent bond. Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between the positive, hydrogen side of one diametric molecule and the negative side of another polar molecule. DNA is effected by hydrogen bonds. 5) why is pH important in Anatomy?Low pH damage cadres and tissues, alters proteins and interferes with normal physiological functions. senior high school pH likewise causes problems, but occurs rarely. pH is highly important to anatomy because they intertwine with the internal aid of the body 6.9) Name the 4 main Organic Molecules in Biochemistry. Describe each one, and provide an example. What are the building blocks of each molecule? For example, protein = Amino Acid.The 4 organic molecules in biochemistry are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The building blocks of the 4 molecules are as followed Proteins = A mino Acids. Lipids= fatty acid and glycerol. Carbohydrates= monosaccharides, polysaccharides, disaccharides. Nucleic acids = nucleotides.10) There are 4 levels of protein organize. What are the levels? How do the levels of a protein differ in structure andfunction? The 4 levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The levels of proteins differ in structure in function as followed Primary- the order of amino acidsSecondary- hydrogen bonds formTertiary- folds the secondary structureQuaternary- several tertiary structures together11) Describe the structure of ATP and why it is important?Cells require heartiness to function. Energy is stored in high-energy bonds connecting a inorganic orthophosphate group to an organic molecule. Adding a third phosphate group to ADP and produces the high-energy-compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Breaking off ATPs third phosphate releases the stored energy of the phosphate bond, providing energy for work. 12) Why is the plasma membrane important to cellular telephones.Plasma membrane is important to cells because it provides the support and protective cover that the cell needs and it also shapes the cell. 13-17) Name 5 cell organelles and their functions.Nucleus- the control center of the cell.Mitochondrion- converts nutrients into energy that the cell can use Chloroplasts- converts radiant energy into chemical energy Ribosomes- synthesize proteinsLysosomes- responsible for the digestion of materials that are brought into the cell. They also break d have got old or non-functioning organelles.18) Describe the structure of DNA. DNA is a double scroll resembling a spiraling staircase, with sugars and phosphates as the side rails and nucleotide pairs as the steps. The two halves of the DNA spiral are complementary strands.19) How does DNA differ from RNA?DNA stays within the nucleus of the cell turn RNA travels. DNA has thymine and RNA has uracil. 20) Describe transcription and translation in your own words. Transcription is changing DNA to RNA. Translationis changing mRNA to a protein. 21) How are mitosis and meiosis standardised..different?The result of mitosis is 2 cells while meiosis results in 4 cells. Meiosis deals with sexual reproduction while mitosis deals with asexual reproduction.

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

genus Benzoin Franklin EssayCan a man be as vast as a demesne? Did the heart-experiences and cultural contri justions of a single individual play as pivotal a role in the establishment of the Statesn democracy and American cultivation as any written declaration, constitution, or police? Without a doubt, there are historians who foot at the specify to assert that asa dulcis Franklin was just such(prenominal) an individual. Numerous books, scholarly articles, essays, encyclopedias, and even works of fiction consider contri preciselyed and continue to contribute to the fabulous spot of Benjamin Franklin in American history. However, there is is good reason to reject any surface-level interpretation of Franklins most-valuable contributions to the founding of American Democracy, and read with great care the complex and extensive evolution of Franklins actions and stated philosophies all over the span of a great many years. The resulting im suppurate of Franklin when the allegory of Franklin and the historic Franklin are compared is matchless(a) of a challengingly deep and complex thinker, and of a man who acted in keeping with his deepest philosophical, moral, and spiritual beliefs many of which were quite topic in his twenty-four hours and many of which were astonishingly traditional.The truth of the matter is that Franklins extant publications are so rich and voluminous that one can find almost any sort of Franklin one propensityes to find, (Frasca, 2007) but, certainly, in comparing the historic Franklin to the mythic Franklin, distinguished insight into American history and into the psychology of American culture can be gained.Franklins career can be said to have begun genuinely early in his life, when he left school at 10 years of age to help his father (Franklin, Benjamin, 2007) not long afterward, he was apprenticed to his half br impudently(prenominal) James, a printer and publisher of the New England Courant, to which upstart Ben secretly contributed. After often disagreement he left his brothers employment and went (1723) to Philadelphia to work as a printer (Franklin, Benjamin, 2007).Franklins early life was later given its first boost toward mythic lieu with posthumous publication of Franklins Auto story in 1791, not long after Franklins death. If the Autobiography helped to foster the mythic status of Franklin in American history, it was but one of the many examples of Franklins written contributions to American culture. During his active career, Franklin was immersed not totally in science and history, but in philosophy and ethical theory as well.His public writings contained two modality and moral axioms notably in his rattling popular publication, Poor Richards Almanac, which was In his day the great source of pro scoff to every printer which was issued yearly, and which was the vade-mecum in every household that could spare the demand two or three pence annually (Ford, 1899, p. 400). Franklins steady contributions to American popular culture during his lifetime include not only the folk wisdom of Poor Richard, but with much-needed humor for the American continentIn America, however, either because the immigrants had been recruited from the unfortunate and the unearthlyly austere, or because the hardness of the conditions resulted in a sadness which tinctured the lives of the stack, there seems to have been a practical extinction of all sense of the humorous. (Ford, 1899, p. 388) Against this background, Franklin himself often a deep-thinker and a moody soulfulness articulated the first instances of a natively American sense of humor.This fact is very Copernican in evaluating both the mythical and the historical Franklin because the mythic Franklin remains empty of all but a few pure traces of Franklins triumphant career and reputation as a humorist. His status as such is very classical because, as mentioned, it is Franklins cultural contribution to Ameri ca as well as his establishmental contributions which cements his status as a Founding Father and which has resulted in the extensive influence Franklin has held over American culture from its early beginnings.Franklin use humor in a very conscious way to pave the way for his more(prenominal) considered ethical and moral ideas more gravely he seized the opportunity to define humor in America for generations perhaps his most remarkable attribute is that the future historian of the now famous American humor must begin its history with the first publication of Poor Richard (Ford, 1899, p. 389) and, by doing so, Franklin placed himself in a primeval position to define through humor just what it mean to be an American.His capacities as a humorist do not seem to have been affected, but rather emerged naturally out of his personality. Franklin used humor to not only define himself and to eruptially define American culture, but as a method to settle scores or canvass shots at tradit ional beliefs or institutions His irresistible sway to screw a joke out of everything is illustrated by the scrapes he got himself into with his advertisers. Employed to print an announcement of the semivowel of a ship, he added an N. B. of his own, to the effect that among the passengers No Sea Hens, nor Black Gowns entrust be admitted on any terms. Some of the clergy, properly incensed, withdrew their subscriptions from the Gazette. Yet this did not cure him of the tendency, and he was quickly offending again. (Ford, 1899, p. 394) Humor and literary works provided one means for Franklin to influence the development of early American culture and these aspects are around contained in the myth of Benjamin Franklin, with the humorous aspects downplayed.For example, Poor Richards Almanac is probably bulge out of the Franklin myth in most peoples minds and they probably also are aware that Franklin offered axioms of wisdom in this Almanac, but many people are probably deeply unaw are that Franklins gift for humor was not only an important part of his literary output, but an aspect of his personal philosophy and a method by which he intermeshed other people and also helped to resolved remainders. Another aspect of the Franklin myth is that he invented electricity by tying a key to a kite-string.Like many myths, this myth has a basis in historical reality His experiment of flying a kite in a thunderstorm, which showed that lightning is an electrical discharge and his fraud of the lightning rod won him recognition from the leading scientists in England (Franklin, Benjamin, 2007) but it is a slim basis. What the lightning and key myth represents in a compressed form is the long and complex contribution to the natural sciences and to popular inventions which actually was a part of the historical Franklins career.In regards to his actual scientific achievements, Franklin is noted by historians to have been a superb inventor and adapter of existing technologi es He repeated the experiments of other scientists and showed his usual practical bent by inventing such diverse things as the Franklin stove, bifocal eyeglasses, and a glass harmonica (Franklin, Benjamin, 2007) he is regarded as having a very brilliant scientific mind and a keen sense of practical implementation of snatch ideas.These qualities are also present in Franklins philosophical and semipolitical ideas which will be discussed shortly and together, Franklins scientific, philosophical. and political vision actually coincide with the popular aesthetic already shown to have been a part of his literary output. In some ways, Franklins cultural contributions mirror a deeply democratic sense of purpose and fulfillment the creation of common axioms, a common wisdom, along with useful technologies are not separate from Franklins political vision.Ironically, the egalitarianism which is inferred in Franklins guiding principles is less present on the surface in his specifically polit ical writings. When specifically considering Franklins political beliefs and writings, it should be pointed out that Franklin was actually very different from the other Founding Fathers. He was older and more committed to the British Empire and certainly more cosmopolitan and urbane than they were (Morgan, 2005, p.551) and because Franklin lived oversea for just under twenty years in England and having traveled a lot through Europe, Franklin was in many ways the to the lowest degree American of the noveltyaries (Morgan, 2005, p. 551). This duality in the historical Franklin is, of rush, completely absent from the lightning and key mythic Franklin who is regarded as a Founding Father of American democracy.This last idea of the myth of Franklin is authentic enough, but as this paper has hope intacty shown, the historical forecast of Franklin is a more ambiguous and much more complex than the myth. This is an understandable condition because part of what myth does with historical events is to simplify them and streamline them so that the symbolic impact can be made more powerful and less diluted by alternate interpretation.It would be difficult if not impossible, for example, to generate a mythic vision of Franklin which included the historical reality that Franklin preferred the social and intellectual life of London to that of Philadelphia (Morgan, 2005, p. 551) or that his landlady, Margaret Stevenson, and her precocious daughter, Polly, provided Franklin with more harmonious intellectual companionship than did his own wife and daughter (Morgan, 2005, p.551) so these very real and very important aspects of Franklins actual life and his actual personality are absent from the Franklin myth. Yet these aspects, and others, are extremely important in helping to define and understand what exactly Franklin contributed as a Founding Father of American democracy. That his cultural contributions, whether humorous, literary, or scientific not only fostered his myth but actually altered the course and evolution of American society is demonstrable by way of historical evidence.What, then, were Franklins political contributions to the early American nation? Did Franklin evidence as much resourcefulness and thoroughness in his political career as he evidenced in his career as a printer, or humorist, or inventor? One very interesting aspect of Franklins life is that he dealt with not only the revolt of the American colonies against a British Empire which he loved, but also with the resulting estrangement from his own (illegitimate) son during the course of the war.Franklins actions at the irruption of the Revolutionary War give a solid glimpse into his sympathies and beliefs at the time As swage between the British government and the colonies grew with the approach of the American Revolution, Franklins deep love for his native land and his fealty to individual freedom brought (1775) him back to America. There, while his illegitimate son, Willia m Franklin, was becoming a leader of the Loyalists, Benjamin Franklin became one of the greatest statesmen of the American Revolution and of the newborn nation.(Franklin, Benjamin, 2007) As a statesman, Franklins contributions can be at least to some degree quantified and cited he was postmaster general, a delegate to the Continental Congress, an appointee and signatory to the committee which wrote the resolving of Independence, he was also sent to Canada with Samuel Chase and Charles Carroll of Carrollton to persuade the people of Canada to join the patriot cause (Franklin, Benjamin, 2007).The mythic vision of Franklin as a powerful statesman delivering powerful, moving oratory before the Continental Congress, or laboriously poring over draft versions of the solving of Independence are confronted by anecdotes of historical fact. An example of this is rump Adams, who contemptuously described a Franklin from day to day sitting in silence, a great part of the time fast asleep in hi s chair and sighed that he was likely nevertheless to get reference book for everything achieved by the Congress, (Lopez Herbert, 1975, p. 203).Again, Franklins political reputation was based not so much in his perception among his American colleagues, but in his foreign popularity and fame. His best tactic was not spell-binding oratory or intricate legalese, but in injecting a calm pronouncement or a bit of humor (Lopez Herbert, 1975, p. 203) into difficult political processes. The question still remains as to what Franklin, personally, believed most the American Revolution during the time of the revolt and afterward and whether or not Franklin can be accurately described as a firm truster in democratic principles.The historical facts suggest that Franklin held conflicting views about democracy and royalist rule. On the one hand, he advocated personal liberty, on the other, he seemed reluctant to dismiss with the notion of a royalist government altogether. As he wrote in the Autobiography, his feelings were not at all certain during the time of the approaching revolution In our way thither I projected and drew up a plan for the summation of all the colonies under one government, so far as might be necessary for defense, and other important general purposes (Franklin, 1914, p.131) but here there is no mention of a constitution or a strong Federal government at all. Franklins own visions for a single-chamber congress and a idle executive council were rejected (Franklin, Benjamin, 2007) and, alter, although he objected to aspects of the final Constitution, he helped to direct the compromise and worked earnestly for its ratification (Franklin, Benjamin, 2007).The picture which emerges of Franklin as a politician is one of a man whose core-principles were challenged by the birth of a new government, but who fought resolutely on behalf of the new nation without regard for the degree to which it mirrored, exactly, his always-evolving personal beliefs. In s upplement to the differences which are evident between Franklin the myth and Franklin the historical figure in regard to his literary, scientific, and political contributions to American history, two other areas of Franklins life are absent from the mythological figure of Franklin his religious and racial convictions.Of course, it is suddenly true that Franklins religious convictions and his views on race and ethnicity evolved throughout his lifetime. On the other hand, Franklins religious beliefs seemed to occupy a central place in his interpretation of his own lifes purpose and the meaning of his life. Where religion is concerned, Franklins most sketch beliefs depict a rather traditional point of view.Because of his personal experiences and personal fortunes, Franklin tended to view the arc of his life in rather conventional religious terms Scattered through his writings are sentences full of gratitude to God for His favor in lifting him up from such a low to such a amply estat e, in bringing him substantially unscathed through the graver dangers and baser temptations of human life, and in affording him the assurance that the providential goodness, of which he had received such signal proofs in his career, would not cease with his death (Bruce, 1917, p.51) these simple, but enduring, beliefs are easily compatible with many forms of American Christianity. That said, it would be very difficult to trace an influence from Franklin to redbrick Christianity, nor an influence of Christianity directly on the myth of Franklin. In both fact and in myth, Franklins traditional religious ideas are downplayed due, presumably, to their being conspicuously in keeping with the common ideas of Franklins time. Interestingly enough, Franklin retained his religious convictions at the close of his very eventful life and the fruition of his religious convictions strengthened him in old age and in death.As one of his biographers wrote WHEN THE DAY CAME, April 17, 1790, he was ready. All his life he had been gingerly taming death, find it of its awe and power, clothing it in appealing metaphors of travel and bliss, humoring it, giving it a place in the family circle (Lopez Herbert, 1975, p. 308) and because of his receptiveness to deeply held religious convictions which were, nonetheless, not tied to any kind of dogma or strict adherence to religious doctrine, Franklins religious philosophies and his actual death are gestures, also, of a democratic sprit and and individualist.The conflict which the religious side of the historical Franklin presents for the mythic vision of Franklin is difficult to articulate. It has to do with the fact that, while Franklins single take on Christian principles and religious ideas does, in fact, make a very compatible fit with the American notion of individual liberty, Franklins avoidance of traditional dogma and doctrine results in making his individualist religious beliefs more difficult to define and draw out to a p opular audience. respectable as there is no easy mythical expression for Franklins humor, as there is for his scientific prowess, there is no ready mythic symbol for his peculiarly individualistic religious beliefs which are rooted in traditional Christianity. Just as Franklins religious attitudes fail to find mythic expression, his ambiguous views on race and racial preconceived notion also are a poor fit for the Franklin myth.The attentive reviewer of history will take into consideration that at various points in his life, Franklin was demonstrably racist and xenophobic Franklin was clearly unhappy about the great number of Germans who were immigrating to his home town of Philadelphia, even though many supported him by patronize his printing business (Lapham Saunders, 2005) and also, Franklin prior to the Revolutionary War grumbled about Philadelphias bilingual (English and German) street signs and complained that the Pennsylvania fan tan needed to use translators (Lapham S aunders, 2005).In addition to these historical facts, there is evidence that Franklin was not only racist, but perhaps a bit paranoid about other races and cultures. He wrote on one occasion, That the snatch of purely white People in the World is proportionably very small. (Lapham Saunders, 2005) which in and of itself might be considered moreover an observation of fact until it is paired with Franklins words, which preceded the statement Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a Colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of our Anglifying them (Lapham Saunders, 2005).These kinds of historical details and indications of Franklins piece have no place in the Franklin myth. Their impact on the historical influence of Franklin is one which is very complicated and fascinating because the evolution of Franklins thoughts and actions in regard to issues of race underwent a profound change throughout his life.Although Franklin seemed to regard one race being in conflict with another in some of his writings, he nevertheless, was chosen to be president of one of the first anti-slavery societies in America, (Lapham Saunders, 2005) and he went on to help to give rise black schools, assist free blacks to obtain work, promote family-friendly values, and improve the social conditions black children (Lapham Saunders, 2005).The most important aspect of Franklins views on racism is that his ideas evolved over his lifetime, becoming more tolerant and egalitarian as he grew older (Lapham Saunders, 2005), however, even such a dramatic and ultimately positivistic aspect of Franklins historical biography is left out of the Franklin myth. A letter to Franklin from his sister seems to encapsulate the very kinds of ambiguities and vagaries which the myth of Franklin exists to erase.His sister remarks of the American revolution to Propagate Is stufed into them, it is Dificult to know whither Either Party are in the Right. for m y Part I wish we had Let alone strife before it was medled with folowed things that make for Peace (Van Doren, 1950, p. 107) and from this letter and others like it, the modern observer is able to glean at least a partial understanding that ideas and conflicts in Franklins time were no more clear, no more black and white than they are in our own.In conclusion, while the myth of Benjamin Franklin, the man who discovered electricity with a key tied to a kite, the man who wrote the Declaration of Independence, a man who is one of the Founding Fathers of America, is a powerful and enduring myth, the historical facts of Franklins long and eventful life offer and a more authentic illustration of early-American philosophy, politics, and culture.The conflict between the myth of Franklin and Franklin the historical figure is rooted in the fact that historical truths are often ambiguous, complex and difficult to express succinctly, whereas myth, while sacrificing authenticity often makes a f ar more expedient impact on popular consciousness. Franklin the historical figure achieved a far greater influence practically over the development of American culture and American politics than the myth is capable of expressing however, the historical facts of Franklins life also sometimes stand in stark opposition to the myth which they, at least in part, began.References Bruce, W. C. (1917). Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed A biographic and Critical Study Based Mainly on His Own Writings (Vol. 1). New York G. P. Putnams Sons. Franklin, Benjamin. (2007). In The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia (6th ed. ). New York Columbia University Press. Ford, P. L. (1899). The publicy-Sided Franklin. New York The Century Co. Franklin, B. (1914). The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York Macmillan. Frasca, R. (2007). Benjamin Franklin Unmasked On the Unity of His Moral, Religious, andPolitical Thought. The Historian, 69(2), 359+. Lapham, S. S. , Saunders, A. (2005). Benjamin Fran klins Evolving Views on Race and Ethnicity. Social Education, 69(1), 13+. Lopez, C. , Herbert, E. W. (1975). The Private Franklin The Man and His Family. New York W. W. Norton. Morgan, D. T. (2005). The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin. The Historian, 67(3), 551. Van Doren, C. (Ed. ). (1950). The Letters of Benjamin Franklin Jane Mecom. Princeton, NJ

Richard and the Battle of Bosworth Essay Example for Free

Richard and the Battle of Bosworth EssayOn 22nd August 1485, tycoon Richard III lost the Battle of Bosworth to hydrogen Tudor. One of the main reasons for him losing was due to his unpopularity with the mass and his nobles. Richard was disliked by many of his nobles because he gave power to nobles from the north, which he knew, annoying the nobility in the south of England. This meant that in the conflict he had little support, and some of his nobles, such as the Stanleys fought for total heat. Richard was also disliked by the people of England. He seized the crown in 1483, and rumours spread that he killed his two nephews. This made him disliked, and few people back up him.Another reason Richard lost the Battle of Bosworth was because of the Stanleys changing sides. The Stanleys controlled around 6000 of Richards troops, around one-half of his overall army. Although the Stanleys began the battle on the side of Richard, they changed during the battle. This meant that Richar d has far fewer troops than he may have anticipated, and had the Stanleys not changed sides, it is possible that Richard would have won. Many of Richards other nobles were also unreliable, such as Northumberland. He did not help Richard when he needed it, refusing to bring in Richards reserves, and eventually surrendering, giving Henry an advantage over Richard, helping him to win.Another reason Richard lost was because of the support Henry had from the King of France. In 1485, the King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France, so he gave Henry an army to invade England. When Henry landed in Wales with these extra men, many people joined him on his march through Wales to Bosworth, change magnitude the size of his army greatly.Another factor leading to the defeat of Richard at the Battle of Bosworth was Richardss disinclination on the battlefield. Richard did not take advantage by attacking Oxford whilst he was deploying his troops. This allowed Oxford to launch a n attack on Norfolk, who was soon killed. Although Surrey takes command, Richard lost men fast. Richard was so hesitance because he was so unsure of his support.A net factor which lead to the defeat of Richard at the Battle of Bosworth was the growing mistrust for Richard. Many Yorkists became so sorrowful with the situation in England that they looked elsewhere for help. Many of them turned to Henry, and supported him in training and creating an army for him to weigh with. This support from people once loyal to Richard led to him losing the battle because he did not have passable people fight for him, as many people in England were behind Henry.

Computers Are an Important Part of Most People’s Everyday Lives Essay Example for Free

Computers Are an Important Part of Most Peoples Everyday Lives EssayDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? Nowadays, computers ar an important part of most quite a littles everyday lives. This change has improved the way people live. By advances in the technology, especially wile of computers, human beings canful do their works much easier than the past. They have improved the way of our lives (life) dramatically. The number of advantages t put on computers can bring us is very much so that its disadvantages can be ignored (Advantages of using computers are so much that disadvantages could be ignored). Cases such as save (saving) time or facilitate (facilitating) business organization and affairs and improve(ing) our communications are my reasons which will be illustrated in details as following. To begin with, by using of computers we can save the time ( more time). In todays community, it is told that time is money. With the huge advancements in technology, peoples life has more (become) complicated as it seems. Each of us hasnt enough time to do all works on time (No one has enough time to do everything on time).The sexual climax of computers in our lives(life), we can save time and do a big part of works more efficiently. For example, instead of acquittance to shop and buying cloths, I (you) can buy it from my home by going to its website and even I (you) have this chance to see which cloth is the top-selling. (or) As an another example, I(you) can choose my (you) favorite five-star restaurant or hotel a couple of weeks before my(your) trip to a certain place. hat enters that I can better manage my affairs(It shows that people can better manage their life and schedule everything). The last example is that I even can control my home or in the flesh(predicate) populate by using of my workplaces computer (The last example is that home or personal room can be controlled or and monitored by using of a computer in workplace). These examples show computers have revolutionized our lifestyle. The last but not the least, computers improved our social behaviors.For the very first time in the history, Social networks and websites have given this opportunity to people to find friends and know people they never met before. Nowadays, thither are a few internet-organizations by which we can find our future wife. It shows that computers even affect our lives (life) emotionally. To sate these into consideration, I can confidently draw the conclusion that there are a lot of advantages which computers gift us such as finding new friends or saving the valuable time so that its drawbacks can be ignored.

Literature on HSBC Essay Example for Free

Literature on HSBC EssayLegacy HSBC Group. HSBC Bank is a key segment of the HSBC group which was specifically established for trading with India and China in the hey days of the British Raj in 1865, afterwards a necessity for the same was felt by Thomas Sutherland who identified that Hong Kong lacked local banking facilities. The bank has been mainly dominant in the Asia Pacific region and has pi unmatchedered modern banking facilities in these aras. It is now seen to take up its earlier mantle and is creating a new wave of modernised banking in the emerging economies of atomic number 99 and South East Asia. Based in London and with operations around the world, HSBC Holdings plc is reported to be the biggest bank and financial service banking company in the World with operations around the World in 9,500 offices and presence in 80 countries across the globe. Its sh be holders are said to be spread in 100 countries. HSBC Personal Banking. HSBC has a number of progressive per sonal banking schemes as it calls itself the Worlds local bank. (Express Banking, 2006). Some of the initiatives it has are schemes such(prenominal) as elicit banking which is designed to save time.This includes paying a bill online, thereby encouraging internet banking, use of cash in machines and mobile phone top ups. (Express Banking, 2006). The bank is also extensively passing gameing gifts for such schemes to include entrancing offers as a 42 inch Phillips Plasma television for using its cash machines. (Express Banking, 2006). Its personal insurance policy services are similarly attempting to induce customers to go online. Thus a 10 percent usher out is offered when a person buys on line car insurance.The no claims discount limit has also been embossed to 70 % and there is a monthly installment option which has also been included. (Car, 2006). It has also services which abide be availed by customers by providing prior intimation of their renewal dates to the bank and on ce again are provided attractive prizes for the same. The mortgage services offered by HSBC are also very innovative and provide non just for a loan but complete services such as mortgage offers, choices for repayments, wide-ranging interest rate option and tailoring these to the prices.(Mortgage, 2006). There are separate services on offer to first time buyers who can also remortgage as well as use the home to strike more. Similarly the home insurance features also offer very heavy discounts for switching to HSBC Home Insurance, address to settle claims over the phone without completion of forms and provide for replacements. HSBC Business Banking. HSBC cable banking facilities are also unique. It has 12 months free banking facility extended to a current account holder which provides for borrowing at rigid rates large sums up to ?25,000.The service also includes foreign exchange rates for foreign capital payments for HSBC net customers, provides for management of trading in Ch ina and a moneymaking(prenominal) card enables a 56 days interest free credit. Banking for business is carried out through the commercial centres which provide multiple facilities to customers. For business there are other factilities that are being provided such as business internet banking as well as HSBCnet which provides larger companies with a complete range of services on the internet including government note finance.There are a wide range of business insurance piles that have been made functional by the bank, to include virtually all the possible contingencies for which insurance is required by business such as small business for turnover less than ? 1 million or less than 10 employees, commercial packaged insurance, customer packaged insurance, business car insurance and keyman insurance for prinicpals. The insurance package also covers share holders and partners, professional indemnity and trade credit.(Insurance, 2006). International Business Banking. The international services provided by the Bank include import and export bills clearance, guarantees and documentary credit. The Bank also provides many other forms of assist to businesses to include opening of a business overseas. (International, 2006). The debit and credit card processing facilities include acceptation of debit and credit card at the place of work, over the internet, by mail order, fax or even on telephone.The finance and loans services being provided to the business by HSBC includes flexible overdraft, cash against invoices, protection against bad debts, small business loans at fixed interest rates upto ? 25000, flexible loans, financing of commercial properties, equipment, mortgages, vehicles and so on. Business managers are also provided with cash flow management services and fixed trammel rates on high interest Deposit Bonds over ? 5,000. HSBCnet is an advanced service provided for businesses which enable these to have got out futuristic online banking.This is considered ideal for small businesses who do not want to invest in an informal financial management organisation. Thus it provides tools such as cash management, reporting and trading along with analytics and research. (hsbcnet, 2006). The customers are continually provided high quality services on HSBCnet such as management of foreign currentness transactions as easy as domestic transaction, payments and account transfers at par with operations of a domestic account. The basic advantage provided is that a customer does not have to change his platform to access code different types of services.Chapter 4 Findings Findings are derived from qualitative and quantitative analysis. Data analysis is meant to calculate correlations between variables. The invention is to find relations among the variables. Correlation is a measure of the degree of linear relationship between twain variables. A positive correlation occurs when both variables either increase or decrease. Negative correlation occurs , when one variable increases and the other decreases. The detailed findings of the primary and secondary research carried out based on qualitative and quantitative collation are as per succeeding paragraphs.

Public transport Essay Example for Free

Public transport endeavorPublic transport can be described as a shared service of passenger transportation readily available for commonplace use. Modes of public transport in many modern cities accept trains and trams, buses, trolley buses, ferries and rapid transit. Public transport is necessary to economic and social development, with easy movement of batch, goods and services. change magnitude number of motor vehicles in the modern cities carries both economic and social costs evidenced by increased channelize befoulment. Air of poor quality can serious affect the health of the public and can result to premature deaths. Public transport is said to be the key of reducing glow contaminant in the urban cities in the following ways rock-bottom emission of blow monoxide, stifled emission of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emission, reduced emission of the volatile organic compounds and belittled fossil terminate consumption. Studies have shown that personal vehicl es, which are mainly petrol-powered, emit carbon monoxide, lead, benzene and lead which are mischievous to the breed in our cities (European Environment Agency 2010). Still, due to the large number of this underground vehicles, they are bounce to emit this pollutants in high amounts compared to public transport.It is clear that, in order to reduce the air pollution and especially the concentration of carbon monoxide in our cities, there is need for people to rely much on public transport rather than the private vehicles. Nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emitted on the environment. Study conducted by the American enterprise institute and Brookings institution in 2002 showed out that the quantity of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emitted by the private vehicles was about double the amount emitted by the public transport for e truly mile traveled by a passenger (European Environment Agency 2010).Use of public transport can reduce carbon footprint of an individual. Another lea rn in the year 2005 showed that the use of public means rather than the private means could have reduced the carbon dioxide emission in the United States by 3. 9 million of metric tones. So it is much possible that, reducing air pollution in our cities can be achieved by depending more(prenominal) on the public transport. On other organic volatile compounds, the same study showed that the private vehicles could emit 92 percent more organic volatile compounds than the public vehicles as compared to mile traveled by each passenger.Efforts of reducing air pollution in our cities should focus on how to minimize usage of private vehicles in transport and also encourage use of the public means in transport. The same studies by the same two institutes showed out that in United States, public transport just now used half of the fuel which was required to fuel the private vehicles. The more fossil fuel is used, the more emission of pollutant air is likely to emit in the environment, so in order to reduce the air pollution in our cities, there is need to encourage use of public transport.Public transport is very vital in our cities especially in achieving the global war on reducing air pollution which can result to global warming. Efforts need to be put in place to ensure that people use much the public means in most of their traveling because it will reduce air pollution in our cities as well as reducing the urban congestion of vehicles and also reduce the overdependence of energy imports.BibliographyEuropean Environment Agency, 2010, Sources of Air pollution, Viewed July 27, 2010 http//www. eea. europa. eu/publications/2599XXX/page010. html

The Origins of the Korean War Essay Example for Free

The Origins of the Korean state of war EssayThe Korean peninsula utilize to be a unified nation until the Korean War. The book, The Origins of the Korean War by Peter, published in 1981 was among Lowes series of books, which among some others take the Korean War or any other World War II event for his topic. In this book, the second edition of The Origins of Korean War, Lowe was convinced that the war was in fact ignited by North Korea when it initiated the attacks to second Korea. However, after a thorough discussion of the events that give way to the war, including the influences from neighboring nations like China and Russia, Lowe ended the book with a discussion of how, the two separated countries of Korea (North Korea and South Korea) were able to settle their differences and resolved the conflicts despite the war. Clearly, in opposition to the common beliefs of many, the Korean War, had long been blamed upon the South Koreans. But with this book, Lowe discussed the v arious events that surrounded and take to the war.It clarified the nonion that the war between the nations provideed from the influences of other countries. According to Lowe (135), the Korean War, started on April 3, 1948 when the Communist attacked the cultivatedian government that led to the two long eld of conflict and more(prenominal) than thirty thousand lives lost. However, Lowe (135) also argued that the conflict r for each cardinaled its peak only on June 25, 1950. From its really title, Peter Lowe tried to prove how the Korean war originated.In this book, Lowe claims that the Korean War was a result of the combination of animosity between the Koreans, the indecisiveness of the Americans and the duplicity of the Russians (Lowe 135). With the intervention of then more powerful nations like the United States an, China and Russia, Korea was left divided in parts as North Korea and South Korea and remained in conflict even after the wars. From Lowes narrations and circu mstantial evidence, the Korean War was initiated by North Korea and led to what has then been known as the forgotten war or the war before the Vietnam (Lowe 135).One of the more important parts of the book and explanations by Lowe is the part that considers the Korean War, more of a war caused by the international conflict and more importantly of the Second World War instead of the unstable civil society. The domestic factors, although contributed and facilitated the war, the Korean War is more of a war between non-Koreans than Koreans. Because the Korean war did not only involved the Koreans, but also the United States, Russia and China, Lowe discussed the various claims as to how the war originated by stating how each of these countries, their then leaders, make water been involved with Korea and the war.After which, Lowe, as well as his evidence, with how presented the chronology of event that led to the Korean War, that it was in fact the North Koreans that started the attacks . It was however not clear whether the attack was purely of Korean claim or based upon influences from any of the other huge nations involved. Lowes book on the origin of the Korean War, clearly gave meaningful insights on how the conflict started once and for all. This is very informative especially among Koreans, who, for the past old age have not been so eager to know the reasons behind the war.For some time, the Korean War remained in the dark, and surrounded by myths regarding its origin. After the long discussion on the origin of the war, Lowe concluded by communion how North Korea and South Korea was able to settle the dispute and how eventually the war ended. I agree with Lowe in saying, that even after twenty years in war, the Korean peninsula was reunited, although, it cannot be denied that until today, wounds caused by the war for good marked with scars the relations between the two nations. Although the violent wars have stopped, it cannot change the fact that it lef t Korea in agony.Until today, communist movements still persist in the Korean peninsula. The book likewise validates the claim that it was communism that caused the war, and not for some influence or direct orders of attack from other nations like Russia. In fact, just recently, the threats of thermonuclear war and the debate on the use of nuclear weapons started with the admission that the Koreans are holding nuclear weapons. Korea remained one of the most feared nations, especially when it comes to war and combat. In the book, contradictions are evident.First, Lowe concluded that the North Koreans initiated the Korean War, but, later in his discussion, he also intimated that the Korean War was due to some peripheral hostility from stronger nations like Russia. He only reconciled these opposing claims when he clarified that the attack was initiated by the North, while the pending aggressiveness from outside the peninsula forced and caused for the North Koreans to believe than an attack to the south is the best thing to do. Before this Lowes book, the truth about the origins of the Korean War has vaguely been debated on internationally.However, when Lowe published this book, he was able to apologise and present pieces of evidence that will discount and strengthening various points in the debate. For example, he discussed the arguments as to the Americans to have provoked the war, same with how the Russians and the Chinese did. The Korean War is one of the vaguely and rarely talked about conflicts. With Lowes book, with perspectives from the Americans, the Chinese and the Russians, the Koreans, and more importantly, the readers are apprised of the near truth about the Korean War.

Dissolved Oxygen Essay Example for Free

dissolve atomic number 8 EssayOxygen in Liquids (DISSOLVED OXYGEN)Dissolved Oxygen the heart and soul of fade away type O in a body of water supply as an indication of the degree of the health of water and its ability to backup man a balanced aquatic ecosystem. Oxygen is a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that dissolves in water. Small solely important quantitys of it ar dissolved in water. OXYGEN Aquatic Life Depends on itPlants and Animals depend on dissolved type O for survival. Lack of dissolved atomic number 8 empennage deliver aquatic animals to leave quick they atomic number 18 or face death. Factors Affecting Oxygen LevelsTemperatureRate of PhotosynthesisDegree of Light Penetration (turbidity water depth)Degree of water Turbulence or Wave actionThe union of group O employ by respiration and decay of organic matter Oxygen in the BalanceDissolved Oxygen directs that atomic number 18 at 90% and 110% saturation level or gameyer reconciled ly considered healthy or good. If the Dissolved Oxygen are be start 90%, in that respect whitethorn be large amounts of type O requisiteing heartys. What Is Dissolved Oxygen In Water?Dissolved type O in water is vital for semiaquatic life. It is what aquatic creatures need to breathe. Why Is Dissolved Oxygen Important? in force(p) as we need manner to breathe, aquatic organisms need dissolved oxygen to respire. It is necessary for the survival of fish, invertebrates, bacterium, and underwater plants. How Is Dissolved Oxygen mensural?Dissolved oxygen concentration can be reported as milligrams per cubic decimetre, weaken per billion, or as percent air saturation.Polarographic CellIt is very similar to the galvanic cell. However, the polarographic cell has dickens noble-metal electrodes and requires a polarizing voltage to reduce the oxygen.The dissolved oxygen in the seek diffuses by the membrane into the electrolyte, which unremarkably is an aqueous KC1 resolve. I f there is a constant polarizing voltage ( commonly 0.8 V) across the electrodes, the oxygen is reduced at the cathode, and the resulting online How is proportional to the oxygen content of the electrolyte. This current flow is detected as an indication of oxygen content. galvanic CellAll galvanic cells consist of an electrolyte and devil electrodes (Figure 8.43c). The oxygen content of the electrolyte is equalized with that of the examine. The reaction is spontaneous no external voltage is applied. In this reaction, the cathode reduces the oxygen into hydroxide, consequently releasing four electrons for each molecule of oxygen. These electrons cause a current flow through the electrolyte.. The magnitude of the current flow is in proportion to the oxygen concentration in the electrolyte.Flow through CellsIn the flow-through cells, the process sample stream is bubbled through the electrolyte. The oxygen concentration of the electrolyte is therefore in equilibrium with the samples oxygen content, and the resulting ion current amongst the electrodes is re beatative of this concentration. These types of cells are usually provided with sampling consisting of ( tho not limited to) filtering and scrubbing components and flow, pressure, and temperature regulators.Thallium CellThallium cells are somewhat unmatched in their operating principle and cannot be classified into the category of either galvanic or polarographic cells. At the same time, they are of the electro chemic type. One thallium-electrode cell design is somewhat similar in appearance to the unit illustrated on Figure 8.43c except that it has no membrane or electrolyte. This cell has a thallium emergeer-ring electrode and an inner reference electrode. When oxygen contacts the thallium, the potential developed by the cell is a act upon ofthe thallous ion concentration at the face of the electrode, and the ion concentration is in proportion to the concentration of dissolved oxygen.Fluorescence-based SensorIn this case, a compound containing ruthenium is immobilized in a gas-permeable matrix called a sol-gel. Sol-gels are very low-density, silica-based matrices sufficient for immobilizing chemical compounds such as the ruthenium compound used in this measurement technique. Effectively, the sol-gel is equivalent to the membrane in a conventional DO sensor. Using fiber optics, light from a light-emitting crystal rectifier is transferred to the backside of the sol-gel coating. The emitted fluorescence is collected from the backside of the sol-gel with an another(prenominal) optical fiber and its intensity is detected by photodiode. A simplified sensor design is shown in Figure 8.43g.If no oxygen is present, the intensity of the emitted light volition be at its maximum value. If oxygen is present, the fluorescence allow be quenched, and the emitted intensity will decrease.Twinkler TitrationThe Winkler Method is a technique used to measure dissolved oxygen in freshwater systems . Dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator of the health of a water body, where higher dissolved oxygen concentrations are cor relation back with high productivity and little taint.Temperature EffectsPressure EffectsSalinity EffectsBiochemical Oxygen Demand ( embodiment)Biological Oxygen Demand ( frame of reference) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to take apart this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteriapresent working to decompose this waste. In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline.Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure for the quantity of oxygen required for the biodegradation of organic matter ( snowaceous demand) in water.It can also indicate the amount of oxygen used to oxidise reduced forms of nitrogen (nitrogenous demand), un less their oxidation is prevented by an inhibitor. A ladder is used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed by these organisms during a specified stop consonant of time (usually 5 years at 20 C).ClassificationBOD is devided in two parts which is Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand and the Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand.Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing carbohydrate material.Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing nitrogenous materials.relationship of DO and BODIf the Dissolve Oxygen (DO) of a water is high, the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)is low. If the BOD of the water is hight, the DO is low.Therefore DO and BOD is inversely Proportional to each other.Why we should need to hit the hay BOD?BOD directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in rivers and streams. The greater the BOD, the more speedily oxygen is depleted in the stream. This means less oxyg en is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The consequences of high BOD are the same as those for low dissolved oxygen aquatic organisms become stressed, suffocate, and die. noesis of oxygen utilization of a polluted water supply is important because1. It is the measure of the pollution load, relative to oxygen utilization by other life in the water 2. It is the means for predicting progress of aerobiotic decomposition and the amount of self-purification taking place 3. It is the measure of the oxygen demand load removal energy by different treatment process.Factors that leads to variations in BODThe SeedIs the bacterial culture that affects the oxidation of materials in the sample. If the biological seed down is not acclimated to the circumstance wastewater, erroneous results are frequently obtained.pHThe BOD results are also greatly affected by the pH of the sample, especially if it is let down than 6.5 or higher than 8.3. In order to achieve supply conditions, the sa mple should be buffered to a pH of about 7.TemperatureStandard run condition calls for a temperature of 20 C (68 F). field tests often require operation at other temperatures and, consequently, the results tend to vary unless temperature corrections are applied.ToxicityThe presence of toxic materials may result ontogenesis in the BOD value as a specific sample is dilluted for the BOD test.Consistent value may be obtained either by removing the toxic materials from the sample or By developing a seed that is compatible with the toxic material in the sample.Incubation TimeThe usual monetary standard lab test incubation time is 5 days, results may occur at a flat part or occur at a steeply rising portion.Depending on the type of seed and the type of oxidable material, diverging result can be expected.NitrificationIn the usual course BOD test, the oxygen consumption rises steeply at the beginning of the test owing to attack on carbohydrate materials. Another sharp gain in oxygen util ization occurs sometime during tenth to 15th day in those samples containing nitrogenous materials.How we go out or measure BOD?Five-Day BOD procedureThe BOD test takes 5 days to off and is performed using a dissolved oxygen test kit. The BOD level is touch ond by canvass the DO level of a water sample taken immediately with the DO level of a water sample that has been incubated in a dark location for 5 days. The difference between the two DO levels represents the amount of oxygen required for the decomposition of any organic material in the sample and is a good approximation of the BOD level.Test procedures1. Take 2 samples of water2. Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately using the method describe in the dissolved oxygen test. 3. describe the second water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20oC for 5days. If you dont allow an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black galvanizing tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (2 0 C or 68 F). 4. After 5 days, take another dissolved oxygen consumeing (ppm) using the dissolved oxygen test kit. 5. Subtract the Day 5 reading from the Day 1 reading to determine the BOD level. Record your final BOD result in ppm.NoteGenerally, when BOD levels are high, there is a decline in DO levels. This is because the demand for oxygen by the bacteria is high and they are taking that oxygen from the oxygen dissolved in the water. If there is no organic waste present in the water, there wont be as many bacteria present to decompose it and thus the BOD will tend to be lower and the DO level will tend to be higher. At high BOD levels, organisms such as macroinvertebrates that are more tolerant of lower dissolved oxygen may appear and become numerous. Organisms that need higher oxygen levels) will non survive.Extended BOD TestContinuation of BOD test beyond 5 days shows a continuing oxygen demand, with a sharp increase in BOD rate at the 10th day owing to nitrification. The latt er process involves biological attack on nitrogenous organic material accompanied by an increase in BOD rate. The oxygen demand continues at a uniform rate for an extended time.Manometric BOD TestIn the manometric procedure, the seeded sample is confined in a closed system that includes an appreciable amount of air . As the oxygen in the water is depleted, it is fill again by the gas phase. A yard hydroxide (KOH) absorber within the system removes any gaseous century dioxide generated by bacterial action. The oxygen removed from the air phase results in a drop in pressure that is that is removed with a manometer. This fall is then related to the BOD of the sample.Electrolysis System for BODThe touchstone principle for all electrolytic respirometers is quite similar. As micro-organisms respire they use oxygen converting the organic carbon in the solution to CO2 gas, which is absorbed to alkali. This causes a simplification in the gas pressure, which can be sensed with various sen sors or membranes. A small current is created in electrolysis cell and this generates oxidation/reduction reactions in the electrolysis cell and oxygen is formed at the anode.Electrolysis of water can supply oxygen to a closed system as incubation proceeds . At constant current, the time during which electrolysis generates the oxygen to persevere the system pressure constant is a direct measure of the oxygen demand. The amount of oxygen produced by the electrolysis correlates with the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria. chemic Oxygen Demand (COD)Is the standard method for indirect measurements of the amount of pollution in a sample of water that cannot be oxidate biologically. Is based on the chemical decomposition of organic and inorganic contaminants, dissolved or suspended in water.Why Measure Chemical Oxygen Demand?It is often measured as a rapid indicator for organic pollutant in water. Normally measured in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and give s an indication of the energy of the treatment process. It is measured on both influent and effluent water.Standard Dichromate COD ProcedureA sample is heated to its boiling point with known amounts of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. The difference of water is minimized by the reflux condenser.After 2 h, the solution is cooled, and the amount of dichromate that reacted with reactive material in the water sample is determined by titrating the excess potassium dichromate with ferric sulfate. Dichromate consumed is calculated as to oxygen equivalent for the sample and stated as milligrams of oxygen per liter of sample (ml/l).Factors preventing the concordance of BOD values to COD values Many organic materials are reactive by dichromate but not biochemically oxidizable, and vice versa. For example, pyridine, benzene, and ammonia are not attacked by the dichromate procedure. A number of inorganic substances such as sulfide, sulfites, thiosulfates, nitrites, and ferrous iron are oxidized by dichromate, creating an inorganic COD that is misleading when estimating the organic content of wastewater. Although the factor of seed acclimation will give erroneously low results on the BOD tests, COD results are not dependent on acclimation.Chlorides interfere with the COD analysis, and their effect mustiness be minimized in order to obtain consistent results. The standard procedure provides for only a limited amount of chlorides in the sample. This is usually accomplished by diluting the sample to achieve a lower chloride concentration and interference. This can be a occupation for low CODconcentration samples, as the dilution may dilute the COD concentration below the detection level or to levels at which accuracy and repeatability are poor.COD DetectorThe term COD usually refers to the testing ground dichromate oxidation procedure, although it has also been applied to other procedures that differ greatly from the dichromate method but which do involve chemic al reaction. These methods have been embodied in instruments both for manual operation in the laboratory and for automatic operation online. They have the distinct advantage of reducing analysis time from days (5-day BOD) and hours (dichromate, respirometer) to minutes.Automatic On-Line DesignsTakes a 5 cc sample from the flowing process stream.Injects it into the reflux domiciliate afterwards mixing it together with dilution water (if any) agents. One ozone-based scheme enriches dilution water with and with two reagents dichromate solution and sulfuric acid. The reagents also contain an oxidation catalyst (silver sulfate) and a chemical that complexes chlorides in the solution (mercuric sulfate). The diversity is boiled at 302F (150C) by the heater.Vapors are condensed by the cooling water in the reflux condenser. During which the dichromate ions are reduced to trivalent chromic ions, as the oxygen demanding organics are oxidized in the sample. The chromic ions give the solution a green color. The COD concentration is measured by detecting the amount of dichromate converted to chromic ions by measuring the intensity of the green color through a fibre-optic detector. The microprocessor-controlled package is available with automatic zeroing, calibration, and flushing features. consume and Traditional ParameterParameterLimit ValueSamplingpH, Standard Units6.0 9.0Traditional ParametersBiological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 30 ppmChemical Oxygen Demand (COD) cc ppmCOD has a large value than BOD because BOD measurement is based only in decomposition of organic matter while COD measures the decomposition of both organic and Inorganic compound.Sources of fractureCause of using nonhomogeneous sample is the largest error.Use of volumetric flasks and volumetric pipettes with a large bore. Oxidizing agent must be precisely measured.Make sure that the vials are clean and free of air bubbles.Always read the bottom of the meniscus at eye level.Total Oxygen Demand (TOD)The qua ntitative measurement of the amount of oxygen used to burn the impurities in a liquid sample. Thus, it is a direct measure of the oxygen demand of the sample. Measurement is by continuous analysis of the concentration of oxygen in a blaze process gas effluent. A quantitative measurement of all oxidizable material in a sample water or wastewater as determined instrumentally by measuring the depletion of oxygen after high-temperature combustion. BOD and COD have long time cycles. COD use corrosive reagents with the inherent problem of disposal. Analysis is faster, approximately 3 min, and uses no liquid reagents in its analysis. Can be correlated to both COD and BOD.Unaffected by the presence of inorganic carbon.Also indicate noncarbonaceous materials that consume or contribute oxygen Since the actual measurement is oxygen consumption. Reflects the oxidation state of the chemical compound.TOD AnalyzerThe oxidizable components in a liquid sample introduce into the combustion tube are converted to their static oxides by a reaction that disturbs the oxygen equilibrium in the immune attack aircraft carrier gas steam. The momentary depletion in the oxygen concentration in the carrier gas is detected by an oxygen detector and put down as a negative oxygen peak.Sample ValvesSliding PlateUpon a signal from a cycle timer, the air actuator temporarily moves the valve to its sample fill position. At the same time, an air-operated actuator moves a 20-ul sample through the valve into the combustion tube. A stream of oxygen-enriched nitrogen carrier gas moves the slug of sample into the combustion tube. circuit Sampling ValveA motor continuously rotates a sampling head, which contains a built-in sampling syringe. For part of the time, the tip of the syringe is over a trough that contains the flowing sample. 2 or more cam ramps along the rotational path cause the syringe plunger to rise and fall, thus rinsing the sample chamber. Just before the syringe reaches the combust ion tube, it picks up a 20-ul sample. As it rotates over the combustion tube, it discharges the sample.Oxygen DetectorsPlatinum-lead evoke CellFuel Cell Generates a current in proportion to the oxygen content of the carrier gas passing through it. Before entering the cell, the gas is scrubbed in a potassium hydroxide solution, both to remove acid gases and other harmful combustion products to humidify the gas. The oxygen cell and the scrubber are located in a temperature-controlled compartment. The fuel cell create is monitored and zeroed to provide a constant baseline. The output peaks are linearly proportionate to the reduced concentration of oxygen in the carrier gas as a result of the samples TOD. Yttrium-doped Zirconium Oxide Ceramic Tube surface on both sides with a porous layer of platinum. It is maintained at an elevated temperature and also provides an output that represents the reduction in oxygen concentration in the carrier gas that is a result of the samples TOD. The operation of these oxygen detectors involves the ionization of oxygen in both a sample and a known reference gas stream. When the sample and reference gas streams come in contact with the electrode surfaces, oxygen ionizes into O-2 ions.The oxygen ion concentrations in each stream is a function of the partial pressure of oxygen in the stream. The potential at each electrode will depend on the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas stream. The electrode with higher potential (higher oxygen concentration) will generate oxygen ions, whereas the electrode with lower potential (lower oxygen concentration) will convert oxygen ions to oxygen molecules. CalibrationAnalysis is by comparison of peak senior high or areas to a standard calibration curve. To prepare this curve, known TOD concentrations of a primary standard (KHP) are prepared in distilled and deionized water. Standard solutions are stable for several weeks at room temperature. Water solutions of other organic compounds can also be used as standards.Several analyses can be made at each calibration concentration, and the resulting data are recorded as parts per million (ppm) TOD vs. peak height or area.ApplicationsCorrelationMany regulatory agencies recognize as the keister for oxygen-depleting pollution control only BOD or COD (preferably BOD) measurements of pollution load, because they are concerned with the pollution load on receiving waters, which is related to lowering the DO due to bacterial activity. If other methods described are to be used to satisfy legal requirements of pollution load in effluents or to measure BOD removal, it is important to establish a correlation between the other methods and BOD or COD (preferably BOD). great Featuresa measurement of property of the sample, i.e. the amount of oxygen required for bacterial oxidation of bacterial victuals in the water, the BOD dependence of the oxygen demand on the nature of the food as puff up as on its quantity dependence of the oxygen de mand on the nature and amount of the bacteriaAnother extensive study concluded the following(1) A reliable statistical correlation between BOD and COD of a wastewater and its corresponding TOD can frequently be achieved, curiously when the organic strength is high and the diversity in dissolved organic constituents is low. (2) The relationship is best described by a least squares regression with the degree of fit expressed by the correlation coefficient (3) The observed correspondence of COD-TOD was better than that of COD-BOD for the wastewaters. (4) The BOD-COD ratio of an untreated wastewater is indicative of the biological treatment possible with the particular wastewater. ComparisonCOMPARISONBODCODTODDefinitionThe oxygen required when a community of bacteria causes the oxidation reaction in a population of bacteria.The oxygen equivalent when the oxidation is carried out with a chemical oxidizing reagent such as potassium dichromate.The oxygen equivalent when oxidation is cau sed by thawing the sample in a furnace in the presence of a catalyst and oxygen.AnalyzerUtilize bacteria to oxidize the pollutantsMeasured through chemical oxidation and catalytic combustion techniquesOxidize the sample in a catalyzed thermal combustion process and detect both the organic and inorganic impurities in a sampleResponse-Range5 days 30 mg/L2 hours 250-500 ppm3 minutes 100-100,000 mg/LInaccuracy-Cost3 20% / $500 $20,0002 10% / $8,00 $20,0002 5% / $5,000 $20,000