Nonfunctional Requirements

Functional requirements specify the ingests in terms of performance, logical database requirements, design constraints, standards compliance, reliability, availability, security system, maintainability, and portability. example 1Performance RequirementsPerformance requirements define acceptable response condemnations for rear functionality.The load snip for substance ab delectationr interface screens sh entirely civilize no largeer than two seconds.The log in information shall be verified inwardly five seconds.Queries shall return results at heart five seconds.Example 2Logical Database RequirementsThe logical database requirements include the retention of the describeing data elements.This constitute is not a acquire it away run and is designed as a starting point for developmentBooking/Reservation SystemCustomer outset nameCustomer last nameCustomer addressCustomer phone numberNumber of occupantsAssigned wayDefault room rateRate verbal descriptionGuaranteed room (ye s/no)Credit card numberConfirmation numberAutomatic ratcellation dateExpected check in date.Expected check-in quantifyActual check-in dateActual check-in timeExpected check-out dateExpected check-out timeActual check-out dateActual check-out timeCustomer feedbackPayment received (yes/no)Payment typeTotal BillFood ServicesMealMeal typeMeal itemMeal orderMeal payment (Bill to room/Credit/Check/Cash)EXAMPLE 3Design ConstraintsThe Hotel Management System shall be a stand-alone system running in a Windows environment. The system shall be developed apply Java and an Access or Oracle databaseIllustrate a timeframe use uped to accomplish each task based on the requirements from question 2.(5 Marks)Answer Estimating time framesTo cope your time well, you should k flat not only what tasks you need to accomplish, but similarly when those tasks must be sleep withd and how grand theyll take.Making accurate supposes well-nigh how long a task go forth take is one of the keys to sound ti me lovement. Many focus problems ar the result of unrealistic estimates of how long it leave alone take to complete specific tasks.If you estimate time frames accurately, youll be able to inventory gain efficiently and meet deadlinesschedule work efficiently Accurate estimates about how long tasks depart take to complete make scheduling a lot easier.They ensure that you wont have to go changing your schedule. If you have a task that you accurately estimate will take six hours, for example, you tramp buoy allot that time in your schedule and be reasonably confident you wont have to change the schedule. But what if you didnt accurately estimate the time for that task and allotted it only iii hours? It would collapse your schedule off, and youd need to rework it.meet deadlines If youre accurate in estimating the time it will take to complete tasks, youll be intermit able to meet your deadlines.If youre estimates arent accurate, you whitethorn need to ask to change deadli nes or disappoint others who are relying on you to complete certain tasks. With accurate time estimates, youll also be more(prenominal) confident about setting deadlines beca custom you shaft that the time you assign for end each of your tasks is realistic.Time estimate equationIts important to estimate the time frames for your tasks accurately so that you can schedule all your work effectively and meet deadlines.To go about doing this, you first need to know the requirements of each task and your invite with activities both when they run smoothly and when they dont to produce three time estimatesThe plausibly timeis the time that the task normally takes you to complete. It helps to knock over the time it takes to complete the task without interruption. You should also think about a time frame you would be comfortable with based on your workload, the task, and any remote factors that may delay or speed up the completion of the task.Theshortest timeis the least(prenominal) a mount of time that you have taken to complete the task in the past. It may also refer to the shortest time in which you think you can complete the task if there are no interruptions or distractions.You can estimate the overnight timeby considering what may go rail at when performing the task and then adding this extra time to the tasks likely duration. This estimate should be based on your experience of this type of activity in the past, as well as on any foreseeable difficulties.You use the three time estimates to calculate the shortest possible time to complete a task based on an average of the likely, shortest, and longest times. Because in to the highest degree cases a task will take the likely time to complete, this time is given more weight. You need to multiply it by 4, add the shortest time, and then add the longest time. You divide the total by 6 to cohere the shortest possible time.One important thing to remember is that you must use the akin measurements for each typ e of time.For example, if your likely time is a number of days, the shortest and longest times must also be in days. If your estimates are in different measurements, start by changing them so they are all the same. The time frames equation often produces a shortest possible time that is hourlong than the shortest time you put into the equation. This is because the equation helps ensure that youre realistic about how long things will take.To manage your time effectively, you have to estimate the time it will take to complete each of your tasks. Doing this ensures you can schedule your work befittingly and meet all your deadlines. To estimate the time frames for your tasks, you can use a simple time frames equation, which uses estimates for the likely, shortest, and longest times to calculate the realistic, shortest possible time that it will take to complete a task.Five threats to your business that you need to consider for the succeeder of this system.Answer After assessing the talents and weaknesses of your business for your business plan, look for external forces, like opportunities and threats, that may have an effect on its destiny. These changes includeThe appearance of parvenu or stronger competitors.The emergence of unique technologiesShifts in the size or demographic composition of your merchandise areaChanges in the economy that affect customer get habitsChanges in customer preferences that affect buying habitsChanges that alter the way customers admission price your business.Changes in politics, policies, and regulationsFads and fashion crazesList the threats and opportunities facing your business, and follow these guidelinesWhen listing opportunities, consider emerge technologies, availability of new materials, new customer categories, changing customer tastes, market growth, new uses for old products (think about how mobile phones and even eyeglasses now double as cameras and computers), new distribution or location opportunities, positiv ist changes in your competitive environment, and other forces that can affect your success.When listing threats, consider the impact of shrinking markets, altered consumer tastes and purchase tendencies, raw material shortages, sparing downturns, new regulations, changes that affect access to your business, and competitive threats, including new competing businesses and competitive mergers and alliances. as well think about the impact of expiring patents, labor issues, global issues, and new products that may make your offering outdated or unnecessary.If youre having a tough time getting specific, look back at the strengths and weaknesses, but this time, use it to list strengths and weaknesses of a competitor. You wont know as much about your competitors capabilities as you know about your own, but you probably know enough to flag areas of strength and weakness. Your competitors strengths are latent threats to your business, and its weaknesses present potential opportunities.Thre e elements of run a dangeriness of infection tout ensemble risk management standards agree that the goal of risk management is to advance the chances of success of the relevant endeavor. However, each of them provides a different definition of risk ISO310002009 calls it effect of indecision on objectives, the PMI PMBOK Guidehas an uncertain example or jibe that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on the projects objectives, and the preferred lay on the line animate definition is uncertainty that matters.Each description is true, but only partly so. This matters because, until we know what we are dealing with, we cannot manage it in the best way possibleIf we use the ISO definition, then our first thought will be to focus on theeffectIf we follow PMI, then we will start from the potentialoccurrenceWith the Risk Doctor definition, we start fromuncertainty.Each of these the effect, the essence and the uncertaintyis a component of risk, but on its own is not a risk.Even taken in pairs they do not provide the full picturean effect plus an event isan issuean event plus an uncertainty isa predictionan uncertainty plus and effect isa concern.It is only when you put all three together that you can see what a risk is made of, and use this information to decide on what, if anything, to do about it. Of course, this then requires a longer definition, but the goal enhancing the chances of success is worth the effort.But what is success? It is more than simply meeting objectives it must also include the condition of complying with project constraints in order for the final result to remain indoors scope.Given this clarification, a more complete definition is Risk consists of three separate anuncertain situation, thelikelihood of occurrenceof the situation, and theeffect (positive or negative)that the occurrence would have on project success.The three-part definition helps with three important stages of the risk management processIn1.risk identifica tion, it supports the structured description of a risk (risk metalanguage) in the form Because of , may occur, leading to In2.risk evaluation, knowledge of potential causes wills you to evaluate the likelihood identification of effects provides a basis for quantifying the impact.In3 risk response planning, the different parts of the definition purport different response approachesforthreat avoidance, understanding thesituationmay allow you to stop it happening or protect against its resultsunderstanding thesituationcan also be used to help usexploit opportunitiesinrisk transfer or sharing, we seek a partner better equipped to address theeffectforthreat reductionor hazard enhancement, we focus on theeffectand/or thelikelihoodinrisk acceptance, any contingency plan has to address theeffect.Including these three components when you describe risks (the uncertainty, the event and the effect) will help everyone involved in risk management to take account of these three important aspect s of risk, and act on them to enhance the chances of success.EXAMPLETwo examples of Managing risk in hotels Process and frameworkIHG has an established risk management process and framework embedded in owned and managed hotels in all regions. The long-term strategical goals are aligned with the IHG core inclination Great Hotels Guests Love and include three key elements sentry duty and security of guests, employees and other third partiesbrand strength supported by operational excellence in risk management at all hotels and integrated locations andmaintenance and promotion of the reputation of the Company.Our approach has been to enable and support hotel owners, staff and integrated functions to manage risk effectively. This is accomplished by giving them a taxonomic approach and framework to follow and by providing them with tools to do the job.The Global Risk Management function aims to share specialist knowledge and capability globally whilst being aligned to the operational structure of the business to ensure local anaesthetic circumstances are understood and respected and greater engagement of our quite a little is achieved.Example 2 1 Safety and security risks in hotelsA strategic framework for hotel safety and security has been designed for owned and managed hotels and is illustrated below, showing the determine groups of risks and describing the management activities carried out to mitigate those risks.2 Mitigating hotel safety and security risksRisks are determine at hotel level through various means including intelligence gathering, role audits, risk management assessments and internal audits.They are also identified as a result of incidents, customer audits and self-assessment. Hotel management discuss issues at periodic safety meetings and action plans are developed. Risks are prioritised, assigned and improvement actions are identified, progressed and monitored. Action plans are reviewed at appropriate levels in the organisation for iss ues that need to be escalated either to drive action or to develop usual solutions.IHG believes it has a mature and capable systemic and systematic approach to managing hotel safety and security which both reduces the likelihood and impact of events. The embedded culture within IHG makes hotels and the corporation more resilient to unexpected or unidentifiable risks.https//www.ihgplc.com/files/reports/ar2009/managing-risks-in-hotels.htmlhttp//exclusive.multibriefs.com/ content/3-essential-elements-of-risk/business-management-